BB&T Vision, Mission and Purpose statement

1. BB&T Vision, Mission and Purpose statement is considered an exemplary Mission Statement. Please read it and comment on the positives of this statement and defend your answer. I agree that BB&T Vision, Mission and Purpose statement can be used as an exemplary Mission Statement as it is well-organized and very informative. Firstly, this statement provides both theoretical and practical application – the example of Nicor Inc. mission statement is provided to illustrate how mission statements looks like and a theoretical explanation ensures deeper understanding of the subject.One more positive is that the paper outlines the importance of mission statement. It is argued that mission statement is business philosophy emphasizing the market, product and customer area and, thus, companies won’t ignore this moment. Further, mission statement outlines the most important questions about the goals and objectives directing and guiding in such a way company’s performance. Fi nally, mission statement provides detailed overview of the process of defining company’s mission statements.It would be of great help for companies which only started to run their own business. 2. BB&T Vision, Mission and Purpose statement is considered an exemplary Mission Statement. Please read it and comment on the negatives of this statement and defend your answer. It is rather hard to speak of negatives of the BB&T Vision, Mission and Purpose statement, but I think that it concentrates more on the process of developing mission statement and pays little attention to discussing its core elements as, for example, goals and objectives.In such a way, company gets acquainted with the process, but may fail to understand what is needed to initiate the process. Also I can’t agree that mission statement is necessary only if the company is forced to alter its products, technologies and market. According management and marketing fundamentals, no company can operate successful ly without mission statement as it hasn’t worked out direction and objectives.

Need for Localization: Foreign Company’s Obligations to Local Essay

This paper gives a detailed analysis of the local culture and customs that the foreign companies would have to adjust to in order to remove the social and psychological barriers which they would inevitably have to come up against during their overseas operation. The paper lays emphasis on the flexibility approach and localization as the main aspect for foreign companies in order to succeed. The study reveals that although the impact of globalization has brought greater degree of homogenization in commercial procedures, it still remains a distant dream when different cultures mingle making it imperative for these companies to accept heterogeneity as the only way to enter foreign markets. Customs and norms are die hard behavioral habits and have been ingrained in the society over a long period of time and not easily removable or made to overlook. This is especially so while operating in foreign soils and in many instances this has been seen as one of the biggest hurdles facing companies. Rules of law and government rules and regulations may exist but assuming that all businesses are managed by people and for the people, interaction between people is inevitable for its success. Some parent companies may of course have lesser amount of interaction due to the nature of their products or services yet on the whole it is generally seen that whatever be the business norms of the foreign company it has to make discernible changes when it goes into business in a foreign soil. Franchises and branches are actually an extension of the parent company that has been grounded and molded in a foreign soil by a larger participation of the local community within the internal and external environment of the organization. It is also seen that the cultural differences may be slight, marginal or make very great impact on the business due to the cultural difference that exists between the organization’s country of origin and the foreign soil. Thus, it is quite imperative on the part of the foreign company to make some structural changes which should include a changed human resource practice and a changed view of the organization as a whole in certain aspects of beliefs, assumptions and behaviors and above all understanding the positive sides of other cultures. In case the foreign company is hell bent on imposing the customs and assumptions of its own country of origin stating them to be its organizational culture then it would sooner or later find itself out of business. Hence, being indifferent and unmindful of the local customs can be very catastrophic if it doesn’t allow a certain degree of flexibility in bases that are situated on the foreign land. Areas of Conflicts A foreign company while setting its operational bases in another country invites certain risks from conflicts that it not quite seen in the home country. Firstly, the company if it happens to be a Western one inevitably tries to go about its business taking for granted that globalization has brought in a greater degree of flexibility and that the English language is the only internationally accepted language of the world population. This may sound quite okay within cultures that are a part or partake of Westernized conducts and behavioral patterns yet when such a company tries to place its foot on say Africa, the Middle East and the Asian countries then it is a different story altogether. For one there is greater degree of difference between the two cultures which if not properly understood and practiced may prove to be disastrous for the company. For instance, it is the standard procedure in the Western business to make an agreement that after a fruitful negotiation followed with signing of documents and shaking of hands which indicates that the agreement has been done as per the unanimous consent of the parties involved. However, this doesn’t hold well in the Middle East where coming to a formal agreement would mean that the beginning of several serious negotiations is on the way. In other oriental cultures the start of any business transaction is preceded by a ritualistic performance, the majority being religious based as well after ascertaining the stars on the almanac. In China there are three traditional philosophies namely the Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism and are generally considered as the foremost philosophies for facilitating social interaction. A foreign company trying to open its branch in China would indeed be in conflict with the local customs and beliefs and hence do very poorly if it doesn’t understand the situation. This is more so with the Chinese mostly preferring a Chinese person as a mediator for any negotiation. In India too there are various religious and cultural festivals which form an integral part of the existence of the native person. In areas of human resource this is more pronounced and the foreign company must make allowance for the same by giving holidays and even be expected to participate by handing over of gifts, involving in the cultural events as well as make contributions to enhance their image with the local participants. Therefore, it is generally seen that the foreign company increases its business substantially while conforming to traditional beliefs and customs of the local people than they would otherwise. Multiculturalism and Cultural Assimilation There is growing evidence that the transnational organizations are adopting a policy of recruiting workforce from various cultures from across the world as it is by far the best way to expand overseas and also to understand and integrate better with the markets in these regions. Multinational companies should therefore make note of the fact that in their home ground things were a lot different than what they are likely to experience across the borders. Globalization as seen in the present does not imply homogenization, but the reverse as this means one has to deal with difference directly instead of from a distance as was earlier the case (Nolan, 1999). In multiculturalism, organization readily accepts the presence of varied cultural groups within its own larger cultural base. In the case of cultural assimilation the organizations by its policies prepares to assimilate those cultures of local communities and tries to effectively integrate them into its organizational culture. It is also true that both diversity and internationalization are needed to create diverse learning environment within companies in order to make them adaptive to local customs and hence remain competitive. For this the foreign company should have well laid out policies of manpower learning and understanding of the various cultures that would arise in the event of transfer of personnel. According to authors Stehle and Ernee, transfers are more likely to succeed when employees of the transfer coalition hold positive attitudes and trust towards the parent company (2007). An effective ethical principle is thus evolved in this way and the organization needn’t fear of any future uncertainties and confusion while carrying on its business in soils alien to its own customs and practices. By the process of assimilation the organization has send out the right message to the local communities. Attitudes towards ethics are rooted in culture and business practice and the term international business conduct and morals refer to the foreign company’s relationships with individuals and entities (Mahapatra and Kumar, 2009). Further those companies who are having certain degree of confusion to start operations in an alien soil can take other routes in the form of joint ventures and franchisees. The uses of joint venture can mitigate problems associated with lack of knowledge in norms, values and assumptions that are the foundation of organizational and individual behavior (Ang and Michailova, 2008). Conclusion Thus it is imperative for the foreign company to have an obligation to the local customs, languages, behavior, religion and cultural assumptions in order to consistently perform well and profitably. Once the company forms a distinctive identity with the local population with its overtures, responses and publicity campaigns the company can benefit both in its image and carry out future expansion programs. There have been several instances of the whole company’s leadership position even that of the parent company being entrusted in the hands of persons belonging to the local community with the target market which in this case means the local market too large enough to avoid or forego. The case of PepsiCo is an example as its leader is a woman of Indian origin and it is quite likely that she would be able to understand the cultural and religious sentiments of the people much better than those not native to the soil. Reference List Ang Siah Hwee and Michailova Snejina (2008). Institutional Exploration of Cross- Border alliance Modes: The Case of Emerging Economies Firm. Normative Pillars of Institutions. Management International Review. Mahapatra S N and Kumar Jitender (2009). Transnational Corporations and Marketing Ethics in Global Market in Post Globalization. International Business Ethics and Global Marketing. Abhigyan. Nolan W. Riall Communicating and Adopting Across Cultures: Living and Working In the Global Village. Cultural Basis of Difference. 1, 1. Westport, CT. Bargin & Garvey. Stehle Wolfgang and Ernee Ronel (2007). Transfer of Human Resource Practices from German Multinational Enterprises to Asian Subsidiaries. Research and Practice in Human Resource Management.

Article Analysis Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words - 2

Article Analysis - Assignment Example That is, verbal and video. The findings indicate a variability in the two groups subjected to the different tools. The changes are observed as more in the verbal category. A change in preference of 29% in the verbal group compared to 6% in the video category communicates a significant underlying factor in the use of the two treatments. Also worth noting, however insignificant, is the percentage of the persons who were uncertain in the two cases. 3% for verbal against 1% for video. A significant difference is evident. Given the nature of the trial, and since according to the researchers it was the first of its kind, it breeds an inquiry into the subject (p. 6). It is noted that a narrative description alone may not be very useful. Alternatively, most of the participants were positive about video description. Despite the highlighted limitation of the study, the findings of the study present the use of video decision support tool as superior to the narrative description(pp. 6-7). The study used a randomized valid sample (n=200). Out of which, the researchers subjected two groups to different treatments and the outcomes noted. Also, the study does not indicate any previous similar treatment or behavior among the participants. The participants are selected and exposed to the different treatments, and the effects of such treatments are observed. Moreover, the investigators express control over the treatments to their participants making them more of â€Å"experimental units†. The investigators assign the treatments, and they have control. All the noted features makes the study an experiment. The study used various types of statistical analyses including Standard deviation, Pearson Chi-square test, 2 sample t-test, K statistics, bivariate analysis, Fisher’s exact test and Multivariable logistic regression analyses at 0.05 level. This paper discusses the Pearson Chi-square test, bivariate analysis and regression analyses. (1)

The Police in the United Arab Emirates and the Justice System Essay

The Police in the United Arab Emirates and the Justice System - Essay Example Additionally, this write-up also analyzes the independence and integrity of the legal system since the above virtues are crucial for any judiciary. The judiciary requires an effective police force in order to execute its mandate properly. Consequently, it is imperative to study the police force (Tammim and Price 25). The constitution of UAE is the ultimate law that grants authority to the courts of that nation. The laws in this country are largely civil and Sheria laws. The Egyptian laws primarily influenced the civil laws. UAE’s law has expanded rapidly due to the increase in Dubai’s commercial activities. The enormous commercial activities have resulted in legislation of laws providing a legal structure for commercial activities. The areas of business captured by the new laws include intellectual property, banking and labour. Enactment of the new laws was imperative and timely since it is crucial to provide legal guidance enabling elimination of malpractices. UAE is a coalition of seven emirates. Understanding the political structure of this nation will make understanding their judicial system easier. The overall judicial authority is the federal judicial authority that oversees the operations of the courts. However, certain emirates of the UAE are self-governing. Such emirates include Dubai that has maintained its own lawyers and judges. Dubai’s system has three different sections in its court system. First, there is the civil section that addresses all the civil suits. Secondly, there is the criminal section that addresses criminal suits. Lastly, there is the Sheria section that addresses family matters that relate to parties that profess the Islamic faith. These sections of the Dubai court have enabled the legal system in this part of UAE to address all the suits that arise. UAE is an Islamic country where the religion influences the law considerably. Additionally, many of the parties in the suits may profess the Islamic faith hence, d emanding that the court follows the Sheria (Tammim and Price 31). Evidently, Dubai has an exceedingly elaborate judicial system. This emirate has property and labour courts. The property courts address all suits that pertain to possessions in Dubai. While the latter addresses suits, pertaining to workers and employers disputes. These courts are critical since Dubai has witnessed massive foreign and internal investment and in such cases, numerous suits have arisen pertaining to labour and property. Globally, judicial precedents are central in the determination of subsequent cases. As such, some judicial precedents have formed the pillar of the current laws. However, in Dubai the judges follow a different trend. Judicial precedents have minimal implications on other related cases hence; the judge is at will not to adhere to the precedents. This is unique since judicial precedents have massive implications on related rulings in most nations. In many courts globally, rulings in courts o f higher jurisdiction bind junior courts. As such, a court with higher jurisdiction can overturn the ruling in a junior court. However, in Dubai, there are not binding but they provide guidance in legal practice (Tammim and Price 42). The above details reveal that Dubai has its own judicial system that does not operate under the Supreme Federal Court (SFC). The SFC evaluates the conduct of all the courts in UAE. However, some emirates are not subject to

Health and Safety Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Health and Safety Management - Essay Example There is a need to lessen accidents that occur in a work place, otherwise higher costs would entail both â€Å"increased insurance premiums and greater indirect costs† (OSHA, 2007). Through the Safety and Health Program, various companies report that it could save four to six dollars for every one dollar invested. According to the Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA), annual Workers’ Compensation claim of an Atlanta company in the years 1994 to 1996 costs from $592,335 to $91,536, with a reduction of $500,000. On the other hand, Horizon Steel Erectors was able to reduce its accident costs per person per hour from $4.26 to $0.18 when it was able to implement a 100% fall protection program and supervisory accountability for safety (OSHA, 2007). These are only a few of the companies who have implemented a good working vision, mission and goals in Safety and Health Management. From emphasizing a â€Å"safety first† motto, companies should start workin g on a â€Å"safety production first† motto. And in order to obtain a holistic approach to safety culture, organizations must emphasize the elements of a safety and health system: management leadership and employee involvement, worksite analysis, safety and health training, and the hazard prevention and control (OSHA, 2007).

Compression Test on a Piper Aircraft Lycoming Engine Research Paper

Compression Test on a Piper Aircraft Lycoming Engine - Research Paper Example When doing this correction, the propeller should be rotated to make sure that the piston does not lie at the Top Dead Centre (TDC) so that the valve does not strike the top of the piston in the engine.The engine should be rotated to ensure reseat of valves in a correct manner before a compression recheck is done.   The top spark plug from each cylinder is removed before the compression check is performed. This is done by connecting the pressure regulator and the adapter to cylinder number two and the propeller is turned on to ensure that the piston was at TDC on the compression stroke of the engine. The pressure gauge was set at 20 psi following AC 43.13 recommendations to make sure that we achieve the TDC.The gauge was turned to 80 psi following the manufacturers and the AC 43.13 recommendations.The first gauge reading was 80 psi and the air gauge reading was 76 psi. The prop was moved back and forth to ensure proper placement during double checking on the readings obtained.Howeve r, leakages occurring after recheck compel for correction of pressure readings obtained. This correction can be done by placing a fiber drift on the engine rocker arm located directly over the valve stem and the drift is tapped several times using a hammer in orde to remove any foreign materials between seat and valve face. Pressure losses exceeding 25% of the applied pressure is an indication of cylinder defection, but this is subject to operating the engine for a time period of at least three munities to enable.

Commodity Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Commodity - Essay Example Since 2007, according to Park (p8), milk prices have been on the decline, which has been a welcome development for milk consumers but a bad sign for the economy and a caution signal for a potential slowdown. Prices started going down during the 2002-03 and 2009 recessions, but later went up in 2001, 2004, 2007, and last year. However, in recent times, the prices of milk have been slowly and gradually declining since arriving at a historical peak in September 2011, going down to nearly 4% at the retail level and almost 25% of late at the distributer level (Park 9). Currently, the price of one gallon of milk is $3.86, which is still high by historical standards, but they will definitely go down as the demand also goes down (Catlette & Hadden, 261). Between March and April 2012, the milk future contract has gone up by 6%, but it is expected to go down because of a milk cow head that s larger than expected. A domestic economy that is sluggish is not always good for milk prices, so the gradual decline of the price from 2007 to date is a warning sign that the national economy is on shaky ground. Currently, milk products exports are estimated at 13% of production (Catlette & Hadden, 262), meaning that the low prices may be assign of a reduced demand for milk and its products n the global market. In spite of the maturity of the global market for the consumption of milk and its products, it has continued to grow both in terms of the retail volume and in terms of its value from 2007 to date. Milk consumption rose in emerging markets, giving support to worldwide volumes, as more wealthy consumers moved from consuming unprocessed milk to one that is processed, including milk products. In the mean time, the growth in real time retail value that is stronger has risen from a combination of higher costs of producing milk and an increase in demand for milk

Combating Compassion Fatigue Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Combating Compassion Fatigue - Essay Example Adopting the definition by C. Figley, Sabo (2011) defines compassion fatigue as â€Å"natural consequent behaviors and emotions resulting from knowing about a traumatizing event experienced by a significant other – the stress resulting from helping, or wanting to help, a traumatized or suffering person.† The suffering and trauma experienced by the patient would trigger a response on varied levels in the caregiver thus varied empathy and engagement abilities with theorists arguing on individuals possessing high empathic response and empathy levels to the pain, traumatic experience and suffering of patients as being more vulnerable (Bush, 2009). From the inception of the term compassion fatigue, it has been widely associated with burnout, not only from the workplace negative environmental stressors but also from the physical and emotional needs of the patients which contribute to the caregivers’ anger, depression, tiredness and ineffectiveness. With a long term exp osure to loss and trauma, caregivers would begin integrating their patients’ grief, fear and emotions which would increase their own emotional pain and stress. The theory behind vicarious trauma postulates that such exposure to trauma changes the caregiver’s perspective or cognitive schema with regard to life issues like control, self esteem and intimacy. Secondary traumatic stress would incorporate both vicarious trauma and compassion fatigue due to empathic engagement with the resultant behaviors and emotions resulting in acute stress disorder. Bush (2009) differentiates these noting that burnout involves emotional exhaustion, vicarious trauma involves cognitive schema changes and compassion fatigue involves loss of self. Warning Signs Although the symptoms associated with compassion fatigue vary from one caregiver to another, there are red flags that indicate its existence. Considering the five concepts associated with compassion fatigue, first, the cognitive sympto ms would include lowered concentration, rigidity, disorientation, preoccupation with trauma, minimization and apathy. Secondly, warning signs in relation to emotional consideration would encompass fear, numbness, anger, guilt, anxiety, powerlessness, hopelessness, depression, sadness, shock, troubling dreams experience and enhanced or blunted affect. Behaviorally, caregivers faced with compassion fatigue would be irritable, moody and withdrawn and would experience poor sleep, change of appetite, hyper-vigilance and nightmares. Those affected spiritually would question the meaning of life, lose purpose, question religious beliefs, lose faith and lose purpose. Finally, the somatic symptoms associated with compassion fatigue encompass sweating, breathing difficulty, pains and aches, rapid heartbeat, headaches, impaired immune system and difficulty in staying or falling asleep (Mathieu, 2012). Nature of Problems and their Causes Working environment has been widely referenced as a key co ntributor to compassion fatigue. Prolonged exposure to environments presenting stressors including lack of colleague and administrative support and understaffing would keep caregivers under a situation of constant isolation and alertness which eventually causes mental and physical exhaustion. Interestingly, Bush (2009)

Privacy and New Technology Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Privacy and New Technology - Assignment Example This way, in a certain case, consent will not be the only exemption to a certain prohibition nor will it be the only basis for allowing the handling of personal information in a certain way. This calls for the law that controls the handling of the data if the individual concerned maybe signed consent oblivious of the circumstances that can surround its leakage to the third party. According to Naomi and Charles, 2011, information Privacy Principles do not require that an individual should give her consent to the collection of the concerned person’s personal information. There is a laid rule that governs or is against an organization collecting sensitive information about an individual. Among the exceptions to the prohibition is where the individual has given the consent. The control of the information is also important to prohibit an agency from using the information obtained from an individual with consent in other ways that are contrary to the ones intended in the initial agreement. a. Uses the information acquired in other ways that are different from the one that was stipulated in the consent. The agency or company should be accountable if the information is used on other ways and leads to inconveniencies on the side of the individual. b. If the information is leaked to third parties. This could mean that the information has been allowed to be used contrary to the consent signed. Even if there was no consent signed the agency or company should be held accountable for the act. The code of data sharing clearly states how the personal information should be handled. In case of any act that should prove without doubt that the information leaked to another party or was used for other means it should be held

The Critics of the Government’s Proposals Essay Example for Free

The Critics of the Government’s Proposals Essay Topic: â€Å"The critics of the Government’s proposals to abolish the post of Lord Chancellor and create a Supreme Court are motivated by blind adherence to tradition rather than a rational analysis of the issues† The United Kingdom is a Constitutional Monarchy and is based on Parliamentary Democracy, with a Queen and a Parliament that has two houses: the House of Lords, and the House of Commons. Supreme legislative power is vested in Parliament, which sits for five years unless dissolved sooner. The executive power of the Crown is exercised by the Cabinet, headed by the Prime Minister. Since the advent of the 10th century, England has existed as a unified entity and along with that has brought about many changes into the way England was governed which constantly reflected the changes in the times as the years passed by. In the year 1997 the electoral victory of the Labour Party after eighteen years of a Conservative rule is promising to bring about a Constitutional reform that will not only serve to decentralize the United Kingdom but also contribute to the effectiveness of the Separation of Powers which has long been an issue of contention, along with the introduction of separate Parliaments in Wales and Scotland. Among some of the other elements of the Constitutional Reform as proposed by this government is the decentralization of powers from Westminster and Whitehall. The role of the Lord Chancellor is rather controversial in the sense that his responsibilities are in conflict with the doctrine of the Separation of Powers. This doctrine states that the power of the state has to be divided between the three organs, namely the judiciary, legislature and executive. Each of the organs should operate independently and none will become all powerful. The Lord Chancellor, who is the member of the cabinet, is the head of the judiciary and is entitled to sit in the House of Lords to hear the appeal cases. Besides that, he is the speaker of the House of Lords, which is the legislative chamber. This direct conflict to the doctrine of separation of powers is seen to be incompatible with the independence of the judiciary. The fact that the Lord Chancellor is involved in all the three organs of government is said to be unacceptable. What about ensuring fair trial which requires that a judge must be independent of the government? However, one could have doubt as to whether the Lord Chancellor, when sitting as a judge, would be biased against the government. In light of the proposed Constitutional Reform the Lord Chancellor because of his responsibility in connection with this system of justice, he should no longer be allowed to sit as a judge hearing a case. Apart from the office of the Lord Chancellor being revamped is the proposed creation of the Supreme Court of the United Kingdom. The government also announced in 2003 that it would end the constitutional anomaly under which a House of Lords Committee served as Britains final Court of Appeal, and replace it with a 12-member Supreme Court located in its own building. Among some of the criticisms is the fear expressed by some judges that the Supreme Court will become more powerful than the House of Lords Committee it is supposed to replace, and the possibility that this court can assert itself in opposition to government. There is also the argument that any change to the present British Constitution would destabilize the nation and would be detrimental to its citizens, however, one can surely realize that the simple fears and concerns being expressed are no more than children throwing tantrums when they have been taken away from that which they are accustomed. Are we so afraid of change that we are not seeing the benefit which these two drastic changes will offer, not only for the reputation and character of the United Kingdom but also to the citizens it governs? The Supreme Court will be bolder in vindicating both the freedoms of individuals. What this means is that the twelve justices which will be appointed will be the final arbitrators between the citizens and the state and they will be the ultimate checks and balances that the law is correctly and fairly applied. This is just a case of changing the form rather than the substance of the United Kingdom. There is little difference in the work the Supreme Court does. The case work that will be dealt with by the Supreme Court is the same that comes before justices as they sit as Law Lords in Parliament. The marked difference is that they will be leaving the House of Lords and will be therefore independent of Parliament. The issues are these: We have a situation where the Judges who decide cases in the House of Lords are the very judges who sit in Parliament where laws are being made. It is a clear overlap of powers when it is observed that these said members of the judiciary are participating in the law making process as well. It is nothing less than a protracted brainwash if this is not observed as a benefit of the reform. It is not only about allocating balanced power to the judiciary, independence doctrine of the United Kingdoms legal system is even guaranteed from the grass root. The most important theme of this reform will be to modernize the legal system of the United Kingdom: putting more balanced power, independent mechanisms toward selecting the judges; all are the mechanism to reach equal human dignities. Is this not what we should strive for? Have we become so accustomed to our old ways that we are simply negating the issue of change no matter how positive it may be for us? Be this as it may, we seem to forget that this United Kingdom has a history of change which is only brought about to maintain our image of steadfastness and stability but enough to reflect the modern aspects of life. This separation brings the United Kingdom into line with many comparable modern states. It means the Supreme Court becomes the final pillar in the constitution: Parliament creates laws, the government and public bodies use those laws and the courts monitor their application. The issue with those who have severely criticized and believe in the hindering of this change is simply that members of the United Kingdom are very proud of their traditions and they attempt to maintain same. However, every nation and every country has its own customs and traditions. It is only natural for this to be so. However we cannot let our love and passion for what has since been a tradition blind us to what the country needs for further development to take place. We cannot forget the ideality of the Separation of Powers we have been striving to achieve by simply shutting down the very change which may bring about this ideal. The change in function of the Lord Chancellor and the advent of the Supreme Court must not be treated as a short glass of cheap whiskey which one simply engorges rather let us treat it as a bottle of fine wine which increases in value over time.

Nature Nurture And Crime Psychology Essay

Nature Nurture And Crime Psychology Essay Questions about crime have been around ever since man first committed it. One of the most questions today is whether criminal behavior is the result of nature or nurture. As the debate continues today, research has shown evidence for both sides. Reports would claim the used of nature vs nurture as a topic that would tell about the significant roles of environment and heredity in human development. Some argue that genetic influences might actually increase the likelihood that an individual will experience certain life events (Rende Plomin, 1992). Thus, certain individuals may have the genetic tendency to experience or seek out certain stressful situations. For example, someone with a genetic tendency toward aggression may develop into a full blown criminal if it is triggered. The reciprocal-gene-environment perspective suggests that there is a close relationship between biological or genetic vulnerability and life events such that each continuously influences the other. Albert Bandura has contended that aggressive behaviors are acquired through the following: bizarre beliefs, observation of others, direct experiences that have either positive or negative reinforcements, instructions or trainings (1986). Once the aggressive behavior has been established due to these different cited causal factors, the behavior has been done or executed due to the following reasons: they experience pleasure or enjoyment upon inflicting pain to other people (positive reinforcement that strengthens and increases the probability of repeating the behavior), they try to avoid the consequences of aggression done by other people (negative reinforcement), they experience punishment or injury or harm when the aggressive behavior has not been performed, they have live up or inculcated their aggressive behavior in their way of living, they have observe others who receive rewards or reinforcement in doing aggressive behaviors (Feist, J and Feist G., 2002). This implies that aggre ssion is learned. Thus, children can learn aggressive behaviors through their interaction and observation from the environment. The argument above that states the genetic factor in developing aggressive behaviors by which can be developed into criminal behaviors have been supported by Plomin which states that: suggests that behavioral genetics must become a prime component within the study of psychology in the future, not in the traditional and much criticized sense of genetic determinism but because behavioral genetic research provides the strongest available evidence for the importance of environmental factors. Furthermore, he added that most behavioral disorders reveal some genetic influence, in fact rather more so than common medical disorders, but that the exact nature of the genotype-environment correlations will require sensitive and sophisticated analysis. Intervention is then more likely to involve changes to the environment rather than genetic engineering (2001). It has been proven through scientific test that the color of the eye and hair, and other traits were product of a genes embedded in human cell. Nature Theory states that even abstract traits such as intelligence, aggression, personality, temperament and more, are traits that could be inherited due to individuals DNA. On the other hand, the nurture theory states that the behavioral aspects of person are products of individuals interaction with the environment. Although neither behavior nor mental disorders are determined exclusively by the genes, there is substantial evidence that many mental disorders show some genetic influence. Thus the many recent studies suggesting that heredity is an important predisposing causal factor for a number of different disorders such as depression, schizophrenia, and alcoholism are consistent to biological viewpoint. (e.g., Plomin, De Fries, et. al., 1997, 2001). The evidence from twin studies indicate that genetic influences accounts an approximate 40% personality traits and 60% environment interaction (Bouchard, 1999; Loehlin Nicholls, 1976; Plomin, Chipeur, Loehlin, 1990). Previous researches and studies have identified that brain abnormalities is a great contributing factor of aggressive behavior and other psychopathology (Raine, 1993). While other studies have tried to established correlation between serotonin levels and aggression. Findings of this study could not prove that the levels of serotonin and aggression werent enough stimuli that could lead a person to commit crime or violence (Meloy, 1988; Raine, 1993). On the other side, in the study conducted by Lykken have demonstrated that there were several factors or stimuli from the environment that could lead to violence. And these factors includes the following: sexual harassments or exposure to x- rated movies, peers, family discord, neglect, abuse and more. These factors were all stimulus that could condition a person to respond violently to his behavior (1995). Genetic influences rarely express themselves in a simple and straightforward manner. This is because behavior, unlike some physical characteristics such as eye color, is not determined exclusively by genetic endowment. In other words, genes can only affect behavior indirectly. Though the evidence is quite considerable, the result is not conclusive, for the environment takes its role as well. Given that all personality traits have a substantial heritable component, evidence that a given trait is heritable provides relatively little information (Turkheimer, 1998). The value of evidence of heritability in clarifying personality structure is also limited by the fact that heritability explains only the variation in a single trait. Information on heritability does, however, provide the foundation for understanding the etiology of personality. The persons total genetic endowment is referred to as his or her genotype. The observed structural and functional characteristics that result from an interaction of genotype and the environment are referred to as phenotype. In many other cases, genotype may shape the environment experiences a child has, thus affecting the phenotype in yet another very important way. For example, a child who is genetically predisposed to aggressive behavior may be rejected by his or her peers in early grades because of his or her aggressive behavior. Such rejection may lead the child to go to an associate with similarly aggressive and delinquent peers in later grades, leading to an increased of likelihood of developing a full-blown pattern of delinquency in adolescence and eventually may lead to criminal behavior. This only shows the interaction between the heredity and environment, that these two theories do determine the development of criminality among humans. We cannot discount the importance of the other. The effects of heredity and environment are difficult to untangle. For one thing, human beings continue developing throughout life and the development generally reflects a combination of the two forces. Also, the mechanisms by which environment operates cannot be described as precisely heredity. Nor can controlled comparisons be made, since no two children not even twins growing up in the same household have exactly the same environment (Papalia, 2001). This also shows that the association between genetic or nature and environmental or nurture factors is fundamentally intertwined. Certain behaviors even personality disorders and criminal behaviors illustrate the interrelationship of heredity and environment. There is evidence for a strong hereditary influence on alcoholism, aggression and depression. They all tend run in the families and to show greater concordance between monozygotic twins and dizygotic twins. However, heredity alone does not produce such behaviors; an inherited tendency can be triggered by environmental factors. People who usually commit crimes have a history of law-breaking activities during their childhood, they were exposed and genetically predisposed to it. Parents of aggressive individuals tended to be hostile. Thus, since a tendency toward aggression maybe inherited, the environment can accentuate or modify the tendency. Some aggressive individual, especially those who are not extremely aggressive, may become more considerate and less violent in response to parents efforts to help them to become more understanding and less destructive. We cannot conclusively state that criminality is solely inherited. No new evidence has substantiated that. Similarly, we cannot also conclude that this is due to environmental influences. Some behaviors are inherited however the expression of such depends upon the environment. The expression of a particular behavior such as criminal behavior might be genetic in nature however, it depends on the environment the expression of which. If the individual is predisposed in this kind of conducts he is most likely to elicit the same behavior from which he is exposed. For instance, people may become criminals if they are genetically predisposed into it and was exposed in an environment which exhibits that kind of behavior. Moreover, genes do not typically operate without influence from the environment. Research has emphasized the importance of gene-environment interactions. Genes do their work via the environment. They cannot be separated from one another. All theories of criminal behavior try to address the question of why people commit crime on the assumption that such a course of action merits explanation of the inexplicable, that criminals are somehow different from the rest of us, and that there might be a single cause of criminal behavior. Thus a child born with some potential to offend may, depending upon their family environment, come to realize that potential or not. The discovery that our genetic make-up may not be as complex as was once believed suggests that the interaction between genetic vulnerability and environmental protection has become even more worthy of investigation. People are not born criminals, but they may build up into ones if they are raised in an environment that encourages them to do criminal acts. If someone has parents who are criminals and he/she looks up to them, then there is a great possibility that he/she will be a criminal also. However, one of the major reasons offenders commit crime is simply because they enjoy it. (Katz, 1988) has spoken of the seductions of crime, while another study (Hodge, McMurran and Hollin 1997) refers to criminal behavior as an addiction. Some psychologists do believe that criminal behaviors are just a mere result of some psychological disorders, such as anti-social personality disorder and obsessive compulsive personality disorder. People who are serial killers or just plain criminals may have a psychological disorder that causes them to act in the way that they do, but there are plenty criminals and killers out there that do not have any sort of psychological disorder to explain why they do what they do. Criminals may start a psychological addiction to unlawful activities at their young age. But their criminal behaviors could still be corrected or improved through proper care. This proper care should be given be the persons support group (including the family and friends and other concerned agencies) so that adequate care will be provided. Conclusion Question on criminals behavior has become a long topic of debate among psychologist particularly on the issue of criminal behavior as a nature or nurture. The relationship between the two is direct. This states that their functions or effects are intertwined. One can affect the other, which means the presence of environmental factors could stimulate the genetic traits of a person.

Finding the Root of the Problem of School Violence Essay -- Shootings

Finding the Root of the Problem of School Violence After shootings at Jonesboro, Ark, Paducah, Ky, Springfield, Ore, Pearl, Miss, and Littleton, Co, serious questions arise such as has school violence risen, and, if so, what can we do to fix it. The truth is, school violence is on a rise, and it can be attributed to factors such as disinterest in learning, the total preservation of the civil rights of the students at all costs, and the lack of power the teachers and administrators have to punish misbehavior. Solutions such as forcing school uniforms, voluntary learning, and peer mediation take a long time to implement and an even longer time to see visible results, but they are necessary to ensure our future in America as educated peoples. We must be careful, though, to not go overboard in creating laws such as the zero tolerance rule in order to keep our schools both safe and fair. In finding appropriate, working solutions to school violence, we first need to find the root of the problem. Does the accessibility of guns really play a major role in the problem? The answer is no, it does not. Putting up metal detectors, forcing mesh (see-through) backpacks, and hiring thousands of uniformed security guards will not solve the problem (Cloud 1). Finding a permanent, better resulting answer demands a closer look at where the problem starts. Kids are growing up these days with little or no real punishment compared to thirty years ago. Kids just do not respect the teacher’s authority anymore because parents, concerned for the civil rights of their children, make teachers go through a long litany of proceedings in order to punish a student (Toby 3). A hearing must take place during which accusations must be made fully supported by witnesses to these accusations to suspend a misbehaving student. Ideas such as â€Å"zero tolerance† are created to try and give power immediately back to the teachers, yet it only causes more problems. The zero tolerance punishes severely any violation of a law, no matter how small or large the infraction might be, in order to make an example (Skiba 3). This punishing just discourages most students. As one interviewed student said, â€Å"when they suspend you, you get in more trouble, ‘cause you’re out in the street†¦I got in trouble more than I get in trouble at school, because I got arrested and everything† (5). The ... ...related to factors such as disinterest in learning, the total preservation of civil rights of students at all costs, and the lack of power teachers and administrators have to punish students. We need uniforms, peer mediation, voluntary high schools, and a reconnecting of community and school in all schools in order to overcome the rising violence. It is up to everyone to do his or her own part in keeping peace, and making sure we implement these safeguards to help obtain and keep the peace. Bibliography: Works Cited Cloud, John, and Cathy Booth, et al. â€Å"What Can the Schools Do?† Time 3 May, 1999. Britannica.com. CD-ROM. Information Access. 15 Nov. 2000 http://www.britannica.com Lehrer, Jim. â€Å"Re: School Violence.† Online Posting. 22 April, 1999. Online NewHour. 16 Nov. 2000 http://www.onlinenewshour.com Skiba, Russ, and Reece Peterson. â€Å"The Dark Side of Zero Tolerance.† Phi Delta Kappan Jan. 1999. Britannica.com. CD-ROM. Information Access. 14 Nov. 2000. http://www.britannica.com Toby, Jackson. â€Å"Getting Serious About School Discipline.† Public Interest. Fall 1998. Britannica.com. CD-ROM. Information Access 15 Nov. 2000 http://www.britannica.com

Essay --

How Practitioners in Multi-Cultural College Environments Might promote the Changes Associated with College Attendance. There are a number of ways for practitioners in multicultural environments to promote changes associated with college attendance. It is very important to recruit minorities in our predominantly white institutions as it is crucial to present an inclusive and welcoming environment. Accommodating a diverse student body is also essential. Implementing programs to retain minority students is also imperative when it comes to promoting college attendance as it is important to retain the students that have been recruited. However, there are additional ways to promote changes associated with college attendance which involves: Implementing a culturally diverse curriculum to include a mandatory course in which students from diverse backgrounds meet and exchange ideas and information; creating a signature bridge program for underrepresented minorities who are becoming freshmen; creating a diversity symposium to get the institute leadership team behind the concept of promoting the changes associated with college attendance. Implement a culturally diverse curriculum to include a mandatory course in which students from diverse backgrounds meet and exchange ideas and information. The implementation of a course to accommodate students of diverse backgrounds will foster communication amongst the varying ethnicities and encourage or increase attendance amongst minority students. The racial and ethnic diversity that symbolizes the interpersonal environment provided by close peers clearly affects students in a distinctive manner. Compared to aspects of a student's interpersonal environment defined by academic ability, values, ... ... ethnic diversity. There are additional diversity related efforts to include the development of cultural awareness and racial understanding (such as taking ethnic and women's studies courses, participating in ethnic student organizations, and attending cultural awareness workshops), these interracial interactions are informal and relevant to all students on a diverse campus, not just those few who choose to participate in formal courses or workshops. The potential for student body diversity to positively affect cross-cultural knowledge and understanding, through the mediating interpersonal context of best friends, appears to be a promising effect of college within the reach of all students. Retaining minorities who are already students at these predominantly white institutions is very important and programs and initiatives should be implemented to make this happen.

The Industrial Revolution :: essays research papers fc

The Industrial Revolution   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  The Industrial Revolution had transformed the economic and social structure of Europe. Europe shifted from a traditional, labor-intensive economy that was manly based on farming and handicraft to a more capital-intensive economy based on manufacturing with machines, specialized labor, and industrial factories. This revolution had changed Europeans, their society, and their relationship with other countries. The development of large factories forced people to move from the countryside to the urban areas.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Men, women, and children were part of the work force. The children started to work as young as 8yrs. old. They would work long hours; 14hrs a day 7 days a week, they would have little time to eat or take breaks, and they were paid very little. They lived quite a long distance from work, so they would have to wake up really early to go to work, and sometimes they wouldn’t have much time to eat breakfast. They would be working in unhealthy conditions and in uncomfortable places, this would lead to a future with disabilities or they wouldn’t see the future at all.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã¢â‚¬Å"- When did you first begin to work in mills or factories?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   When I was about 10 yrs. of age.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -What were your usual hours of working?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   We began at five and gave over at nine, at five in the morning.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -At what distance might you have lived from the mill?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   About a mile and a half. -Is their not considerable dust in a flax mill?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   A flax mill is very dusty indeed!   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   -What were your wages at 19yrs. old at Mr. Benyons?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   I think it was 4s [shillings] a week.†   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  In the mines it would be a little bit different, in a sense that they couldn’t use boys under the age of 10 because they would need boys that would be a bit strong, in occasion they would have 4-5 boys under 10yrs. old, and they would be working with their fathers. They would still need children to be in the small tunnels occasionally opening doors for ventilation, and pulling the chariots full of coal using a harness and chain/rope. They would be in they most uncomfortable positions that, like I said before, would lead to disabilities when they grow up. â€Å"Not more than five or six boys under the age of 13; the two youngest are from eight to nine yrs. of age, who work with their fathers. The boys, in carting out from the googs [narrow inclined planes up which the coal is pulled by a chain and windlass]†

Play Observation Essay

Kiahi a boy of about 3 years old was playing alone stood on a small hill of dirt , at first it looked like her was just looking at the other kids play. When I kept looking at him to see if he was just going to continue to doing nothing, but watch the other children I noticed that he was standing there like a solider tall and with determination on his face. With his hand to his forehead looking about as the other children ran around. After a while I see that he is pointing to his class mates at random and looks to be giving directions, more like orders, of some sort, although no one is paying attention. After giving off orders in a solider like manner he nods his head, as though satisfied with himself and his team though it was just him playing, and pulls out some kind of black/sliver rectangular key chain object out of his shirt pocket. He clicks on it, as if it had buttons, brings it up to his ear and talks and nods, he’s using it as a cell phone. After he is done he clicks i t again to end the call and puts it back to his pocket. Then he just runs off the hill and goes plays at the play structure, as if what he just did never happened. At first I thought Kiahi was engaging in unoccupied play, because to me it looked as if he was doing nothing at all but just looking at what everyone else was doing. As I kept observing him it looked to him that his was doing solitary play. Playing out a role of someone with authorization giving out orders, and taking calls. It was solitary because no one else was engaging with him in is play even though he pointed out to other kids when giving off orders no one paid him attention. Sophia a girl of about 4 years old with a temperament of a being shy and quite, wasn’t playing with anybody else. She was reluctant to join anybody for play. After a while Sophia looks to have acquired a play mate Elena a soft spoken 3 years old, though in some occasions I did hear her be a little louder towards other kids, they are playing in the sand box. It looks like they are playing kitchen; cooking, serving, cutting and cleaning. Throughout the play not a word was spoken, but they seemed to communicate in their own silent way. After a while Sophia and Elena moved to play with the balls, when Sophia would turn her back on the ball and it rolled away from her instead of calling out to Sophia to get the ball Elena runs after the ball and gives it back to Sophia in her hands and points to the baskets behind her. In a silent gesture to throw the ball at the basket. I found these  girls interesting because I’ve observed them for a while during the morning time when dropped off up until free play outside. I know for a fact that both girls speak Elena even yells at times when kids don’t pay attention for following the rules. Sophia is new to the pre-school program at Head Start and cries when her Mom, as Ms.Perla informed me, leaves her but just for a few minutes. It takes Sophia a few hours to get into play with actual words being spoken. Elena is a sweet little that separated from her little group of friends to play with Sophia and to me it looked as if Elena understood Sophia not wanting to speak, seeing as Elena ever attempted to say a single word to her. At first Sophia was engaging in solitary play, playing on her own on the play structure. In the sand box Sophia and Elena cooperative playing, even though they didn’t say a word, the worked together to prepare, cook and serve a meal and clean up after they were done. They had a common goal in playing kitchen. After that they played with the balls which turned to associative play still playing together but without a common goal because Sophia wasn’t as engaged as Elena in trying to play basketball.

How Different Types of Transition Can Effect a Child Development

Explain how different types of transition can affect children and young people’s development Transitions are changes that take place in our life, changes which can occur over a short or long period of time, can be physical, emotional, personal or psychological, and can be predictable or unpredictable. Life is full of changes and every child and young person will go through many transitions. Some of them may have a positive effect (such as an increased level of motivation or improved self–esteem); others may have the opposite effect.The experiences of a child or young person when dealing with transitions will affect, positively or negatively, his development, and can have an important role in learning the skills to cope with other changes later in life. Some transitions (such as starting school, moving through curriculum stages or puberty) are predictable. Children should be prepared in advance, and have the opportunity to talk and ask questions about these changes. In t his way any negative impacts can be minimised, and the transition should be less stressful for the child or young person.This approach can be applied to any predictable transition, whether educational, physical or physiological, and the approach can be beneficial even for such small changes as moving from one activity to another in the classroom. For some transitions, the child or young person cannot be prepared in advance, and there will be no opportunity to discuss the change before it happens. Changes such as bereavement, family break-up or serious illness are generally unpredictable.Because these changes are not anticipated, they can cause distress and feelings of lack of control in the child or young person. This can affect emotional and behavioural development, in turn leading to possible impacts on physiological and intellectual development. Family break-up is an example of a transition which may involve other significant changes in a child or young person‘s life. The c hild or young person’s life seems to have turned upside down, causing confusion and uncertainty.The child or young person can experience powerful emotions of anger, sadness, fear and insecurity. For many children, their emotional distress may cause changes in behaviour. Some children or young people will not be able to show their feelings or to talk with others about what they are going through; they may isolate themselves, becoming quiet and withdrawn. In others, the reaction may be the opposite; they may become verbally or even physically aggressive or just generally less cooperative – slamming doors, staying out late or getting into trouble.A good relationship between the child or young person and his practitioners can have a positive effect on their emotions. The practitioners must learn to recognise signs of transition anxiety, including body language, changes of behaviour, or changes in their work. Sometimes a child or young person may find it easier to express t heir feelings and thoughts through art work, stories or poems, than to articulate such complex emotions verbally. Starting primary school is a predictable, intellectual transition, which can be emotionally upsetting for some children.They may experience anxiety and stress when they first attend the new setting or meet a new teacher. There are a lot of changes involved – it will often be their first experience of being separated from their parents for any length of time; their routine changes with the hours at school and the longer periods of concentration required; they need to make new friends, undertake new activities and adhere to new rules. They can start showing anxiety and sadness at moving school which will affect their behaviour, and may result in regression and clinginess. ?

European Year of Education through Sport 2004 Essay

Research, analyse and critically examine the (European Union’s) European Year of Education through Sport 2004, illustrating your answer with examples from European countries. Sport has been a major arena for the display of popular European values ever since the very first recorded Ancient Olympics were held at Olympia in 776 B.C. The Olympics of Ancient Greece and subsequently the modern Olympics gave rise to the ideology of Olympism, a way of life that embodies through sport these qualities and values. In the years that have passed, the changing face of sport has modelled and re-modelled itself in line with contemporary trends and technological advancements, but the core beliefs have remained the same. Whilst even then in its infancy, sport had to deal with bribery and corruption, with politics and commercialism; the same evils that have plagued the sporting world at the highest level ever since; sport has survived, and the ethos of sport and Olympism continue to be heralded as the archetype of health, vitality and virtue. In September 2003 a ‘Eurobarometer’ survey was carried out, in order to establish the general public feelings towards education through sport. The results it returned were unswerving in their support. Almost two-thirds of the survey sample cited team spirit as the most important sporting value, whilst 70% were in favour of a harder crackdown on doping in sport. Amongst other revelations of a similar trend it is notable that the 2 highest responses when asked if the EU should do more to promote education through sport were those of Greece (90% said yes) and Portugal (85%). These of course will be the 2 main focal points for sporting excellence in 2004; hosting the Olympic Games and the European Football Championships respectively. It is clear that the officials of the European Union share the belief that the prominent values and health benefits that can be garnered from education through sport are desirable. Following the conclusion of the Eurobarometer survey and further research, a budget totalling à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11.5 million was made available specifically for the initiative they dubbed ‘The European Year of Education through Sport’ (EYES). The allocation of the budget is divided, in simple terms, as described on the InfoBase Europe website, (www.ibeurope.com): ‘A budget of à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11.5 million will be available to support meetings, campaigns and events designed to further the aims of the Year throughout the European Union.’ Whilst à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½11.5 million may appear at first glance to be a substantial amount, further examination reveals otherwise. To be simplistic in analysis, let us say that the funds were equally divided amongst the European Union’s 15 member states; this would leave à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½766,667 (or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½522,575 [source: www.xe.com]) per nation to distribute internally to cover the entire year. This would work out at around à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½14,744 or à ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½10,050 per week for the whole country, far less than the wage of some professional athletes. The UK branch of EYES has 3 ‘key objectives’: 1. Promote EYES in the UK and on a pan-European basis. 2. Give as many people as possible access to the work being undertaken during the EYES 2004 programme. 3. Engage more young people in physical activity and sport, enhancing other developments in the field in the UK. These objectives run parallel with those of the EU as a whole (see annexe 1). In terms of promotion, the initiative is being spearheaded by an ‘All-Star team’ of popular former and current stars of European sport; the most familiar of these perhaps being Jurgen Klinsmann, Clarence Seedorf, Amelie Mauresmo and Sir Steven Redgrave. Alongside these 5 are another 37 individuals (as well as the Latvian National Football Team), ranging from internationally famed to somewhat obscure, all of whom are committed to â€Å"actively supporting the campaign†. (http://www.eyes-2004.info/254.0.html) There seems to be a solid base from which to build a real Europe-wide success. In addition to the All-Star Team, EYES can boast partners from all over Europe, from a variety of different sports as well as many Governmental ministries and Educational Associations, 4 TV Channels and, perhaps most significantly, Sponsorship from VISA and the German travel company Vietentours. There will certainly be a significant amount of publicity surrounding EYES as the year goes on. The logo, accompanied by its slogan (â€Å"move your body, stretch your mind†) will be on display at nearly 200 events during 2004, including the Olympic Games, the Paralympic Games and Euro 2004. It appears that from a promotional point of view, as well as the infrastructure, the EU has got it right. There will be plenty of opportunities for people to find out about and participate in EYES. But then what? Even if we were to blanket the entire continent with an awareness of EYES; even if every school in every nation participated; what next? 2005 will not be the ‘European Year of Education through Sport, II’. Surely the priority must be to lay down the foundations for future and continuing education through sport throughout the continent? Any ‘continuing legacy’ or suchlike goes unmentioned in the aims and objectives sections of EYES on both the official website and InfoBase. The focus seems to be on getting as many people interested in sport as possible, then assuming their enthusiasm will remain at a constant level without further promotion. It implies a level of naivety in terms of the EU’s awareness of the seemingly obvious expendable novelty value that can be associated with most short-term governmental and pan-European events of this ilk. There is no function in place to prevent the project from slipping into history without having made any real long-term difference to the education of the public through continuing participation in sport. The official UK website (www.eyes2004.org) contains information for schools on how to get involved, news updates on EYES projects and media releases, and online challenges for schools to take part in by inputting results from different activities into a database to create ‘live, ‘on-line’ competition between schools’ (http://www.eyes2004challenges.org/splash.htm) This attempts to address the ‘access’ aim of the website; whether or not it does this remains to be seen. In my personal experience, the efforts of the British arm of the project so far appear to have been poor, especially on the promotional side. Public awareness seems to be non-existent; I have mentioned EYES to many people, young and old, at every level of the education system; from my neighbours’ primary school children to my 16 year old brother, to my Mother, (a project manager at the local 6th form college). Neither any of them, nor any of the others I spoke to were previously aware of the EYES. Whilst I am aware that this casual sampling cannot be considered in any way to be indicative of the entire British population, they don’t exactly imply a resounding success of the project in my local area. However, it is important to note that in this, as in all cases, only 4 months of the year have passed and there is still time for awareness to be created. There are 5 projects currently running here in the UK: The use of sport and education for the social inclusion of asylum seekers and refugees. (Loughborough University) Basic Skills and Education through Sport (Hull City Council) Clean Start programme (UK Sport) Learning Through Football: Euro 2004 (Football Association) Leeds Education Activity Partnership (Leeds City Council) http://www.eyes2004.org/projectnews.htm The first project on the list highlights the poor promotional aspect perfectly. Whilst it is being run here at Loughborough University; the level of awareness of the project itself and of EYES as a whole has been minimal. Continental Europe, however, may prove to be a different story. Whilst the British Physical Education system is comparatively relaxed in its decentralisation, possibly leading to the aforementioned ineffectiveness in the dissemination of the EYES message, the French political infrastructure, for example, may prove a far more effective and efficient vehicle for the promotion of EYES due to its highly centralised nature. Another aspect is to promote the value of voluntary work for the young and the benefits it can provide for informal education. An example of this is in Portugal where by The Portuguese Youth Institute supported by the European Voluntary Service are giving children under the age of 16 the opportunity to help out in European Football Championships 2004 as ball boys and holding flags and banners before games. The aim of the scheme is to bring young people from different communities and racial backgrounds together through voluntary participation in sport. It may also be argued that, whilst 2004 may have initially appeared to be the ideal year for EYES, with 2 internationally prestigious sporting events being hosted in Europe; the reality may be somewhat different in that EYES could well be overshadowed to the point of insignificance by both Euro 2004 and the Athens Olympics. To make a conclusive statement about the success of EYES at this early stage in the year would I feel be somewhat naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve. It can be said however, that the right building blocks have been put into place in order to make it a success. The infrastructure and the organisational aspect is far-reaching enough to be of use to the whole continent; whilst remaining centralised enough in key areas to focus on the same goals. The promotional side is again set up right, with representatives from many sports and many countries being involved from the high-profile to the less glamorous. Whilst the signs of implementation of EYES in schools are encouraging; LEAPS (Learning and education through activity and participation in sports) in Dublin; Basic skills and Education through Sport (Hull); Together in Sport for growing up (Italy); the true results of EYES’ success in schools may take some time due to the enormous amount of feedback required to get a realistic overview of all events and projects. The apparent lack of continuation in terms of the aims and objectives of the initiative can be put down to one of two things. One is that the EU are banking on the continuing success of a one-off push into sport, ignoring the possibility of a speedy return to the low participation rates of recent years. The more likely explanation is that, whilst the EU realise that the effects of EYES may wear off as the future years go by, it will be more effective, given the comparatively small budget available, to concentrate on getting the message out there to as many people as possible this year than to try to implement long-running programmes with less public awareness. Ultimately the deciding factor on the success or failure of EYES, as with most things, will be the budget. Even if, as suggested, the money is directed in the correct manner with minimal amounts of wastage, it is still a relatively insignificant sum on an international scale. I would predict that for there to be any lasting impression left by EYES on the future education through sport in this continent, the amount of funding behind the initiative would have to be substantially larger. Bibliography http://www.museum.upenn.edu/new/Olympics/olympicorigins.shtml (Accessed 15/03/04) http://www.ecdel.org.au/whatsnew/2003/sports.htm (Accessed 15/03/04) http://www.ibeurope.com/Database/Factsheets/F050eyes.htm (Accessed 15/03/04) http://www.europa.eu.int/comm/sport/key_files/annee_eur/a_2004_en.html (Accessed 15/03/04) http://www.xe.com/ucc/ (Accessed 15/03/04) http://www.eyes2004.org/splash.htm (Accessed 17/03/04) http://www.eyes2004.org/projectnews.htm (Accessed 18/03/04) http://www.eyes-2004.info/254.0.html (Accessed 18/03/04) http://www.eyes-2004.info/4138.0.html (Accessed 18/03/04) Annexe 1 The Aims of EYES (http://www.ibeurope.com/Database/Factsheets/F050eyes.htm) The aims of the European Year are: (a) to make educational institutions and sports organisations aware of the need for cooperation in order to develop education through sport and its European dimension, given the very great interest that young people take in all kinds of sport; (b) to take advantage of the values conveyed through sport to develop knowledge and skills whereby young people in particular can develop their physical prowess and readiness for personal effort and also social abilities such as teamwork, solidarity, tolerance and fair play in a multicultural framework; (c) to promote awareness of the positive contribution that voluntary activities make to non-formal education, especially of young people; (d) to promote the educational value of pupil mobility and exchanges particularly in a multicultural environment through the organisation of sporting and cultural contacts as part of school activity; (e) to encourage the exchange of good practice concerning the role sport can play in education systems to promote the social inclusion of disadvantaged groups; (f) to create a better balance between intellectual and physical activity in school life by encouraging sport in school activities; (g) to consider the problems relating to the education of young sportsmen and sportswomen taking part in competitive sports.

Hitler and Mussolini Essay

Benito Mussolini during his rule from 1922 to 1943 faced many domestic problems within Italy that he had to deal with. Mainly the internal problems had to do with economic policies and struggle, which Mussolini attempted to deal with through his autarky policy. He also had to deal with political problems, which were derived from the interference of the church. Finally Mussolini also had to contend with social problems such as unification, and increase of popularity. Through his rule Mussolini had to deal with economic, social and political problems, however he was to a great extent not successful in dealing with these problems. One of Mussolini’s greatest internal problems was his economic problem. Mussolini wanted to make Italy a great economy, one that could compete with the great economies of World War I such as Britain and France. In order to this Mussolini wanted an autarky, which was economic self-sufficiency in food and raw materials. He wanted Italy through autarky to become a powerful and large empire. In order to achieve this Mussolini instigated what historians such as MacDonald refer to as a ‘series of battles’. These battles were a struggle for the economy that Mussolini envisioned. A series of four battles were fought however only one can be regarded as a partial success while the other three were seen by most historians as failed attempts. The first battle was known as the Battle for Grain, which was to a great extent a failure. This battle started in 1925 because there was a poor harvest that year, and the grain for the most part was being imported. In order to become a self-sufficient economy Mussolini wanted Italy to be able to produce the grain on its own. By the 1930’s Italy was able to become a self-sufficient grain growing economy by controlling imports and increasing the production of cereal crops. However despite being able to achieve grain production, Italy as a whole suffered due to this battle. By encouraging the production of grain, farmers had to stop growing fruits and vegetables, which were cheaper to produce. Therefore exports of fruits and vegetables also decreased, which caused the economy to become weaker because revenue from exports decreased. Also due to an emphasis on making grain the use of sheep’s and cattle decreased, causing the decline of these animals. It also caused the country to go into debt since the government had to give subsidies to farmers and there were huge tariffs associated with the production of grain. Also the price of grain in Italy rose causing the price of bread to increase. This affected the working class and poor since the core of their diet was made up of bread. The masses of Italy suffered especially the poor and the farmers, although the industrialists did not suffer as much. Since grain production increased the demand for fertilizers and tractors increased, which increased the business of the industrialists. However the industrialists are a smaller proportion of the population of Italy than the masses, therefore to the most part the Battle for Grain was a failure. The second battle was the ‘Battle for Lira’ whose main aim was to reinstate the purchasing power of the currency. Sine Mussolini wanted a powerful Italy; he thought that the weak currency added to weakness of the economy. Therefore in 1926, Mussolini revalued the Lira so that one pound was 90 liras. This battle also proved to be a failure since the price of exports increased. Due to this unemployment increased and firms and industries were not able to sell their goods as efficiently. This also caused the aim to increase economic influence to decrease since it had a negative effect of exports and unemployment. The ‘Battle for Land’ was the third battle fought in order to increase economic power. This battle had mixed responses and could be seen as a success and failure. The Battle for Land attempted to control the migration to cities from the countryside’s, which helped control unemployment. The Battle for Land was a success because of the Pointe Marshe in 1935 which served as good propaganda, helped decrease unemployment and also allowed for the control of subsidies to farmers. Pointe Marshe provided small farms and also increased public work, which called for employment. However it was also known as a failure because small plots of land were inefficiently utilized for a lot of wheat production. Also it did not help decrease the poverty of poor people. The economic problems in Italy that Mussolini tried to deal with through autarky were mainly a failure due to the failures of the battles. Another internal problem that Mussolini had to deal with was political problems. Mussolini wanted to obtain totalitarianism, however in order to this Mussolini had to deal with the Roman Catholic Church. This to an extent was a success, however tension between the Church and the state was never completely eradicated. In order to make relations with the Church better Mussolini allowed religious studies in education and also allowed the crucifix to be displayed in courts and classrooms. Also in order to gain support from the Church Mussolini had his children baptized and also had a church wedding in 1925 in order too show that he believed in the Church. The Church also accepted Mussolini’s policy on abortions and contraception, in order to increase population. Mussolini also officially ended the tension by forming the Latern Pacts, which made the Vatican state independent, made Catholism the official religion of the state and also made education of cat holism mandatory in schools. This pact decreased tension between the church and Mussolini and allowed Mussolini to gain more power of the state. However despite the pact and decreased tension, conflict always remained between the Church and Mussolini’s state. Mussolini’s continued interference in catholic education in schools continued to be a problem between the church and the state and the Pope threatened to censure fascism. Another conflict between the state and the Church was relations with Nazi Germany in 1938, having to do with the views on anti-Semitism. The continued tension with the Church never allowed Mussolini to have full control over Italy, which added to his internal problems. The last internal problem that Italy had to deal with was social problems. Mussolini attempted to unify Italy and increase his popularity through propaganda since he did not have full control and poulatiry over the Italian people. Mussolini was most successful in dealing with social problems through L’inquadramento and the idea of a corporative state. L’inqadramento was an illusion that Mussolini created in order to unify Italy. Through this movement Mussolini increased their popularity and membership by providing support and financial aid during after the Depression from 1931 to 1937. â€Å"This recovery from the deep depression of the postwar was remarkable and greatly aided the Fascists in winning favor and in establishing power.†, was the view of historian Clough. They also increased employment by inflicting a forty-hour workweek and allowing family compensations. These helpful acts during the Depression helped Mussolini gain support from more people, and allowed him to control more of the state. Also schemes such as the Pointe Marshe helped increase employment, which also helped Mussolini, gain support. Mussolini used propaganda through a policy called Corporative state, which also helped him gain support. The Corporative state advertised a state where there was no class system and all labors worked together. It also strived to make working conditions better and sought to help all laborers when they were in trouble by allowing them to share their concerns with their employers’ representatives who then shared them with Mussolini.

Markets, marketing and strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Markets, marketing and strategy - Essay Example A PEST analysis is an analysis of the external macro-environment that affects all firms. P.E.S.T. is an acronym for the Political, Economic, Social and Technological factors of the external macro-environment. Such external factors usually are beyond the firm’s control and sometimes present themselves as threats. Speaking about the political factors of the merger to take place, the principal ones to consider are trade regulations and tariffs, as BHI performs business in the three different locations all over the world, as well as such merger may be taken as the striving of both company for creating a monopoly. Taxation should also be taken into account; however, as BHI itself used to successfully run all three businesses, and the European Commission has approved on the merger, these factors are not threats here, though should be kept under control. Economic factors are also present here, as the merger presupposes intervention into business in other countries; however, as far as the businesses perform successfully, there is no threat of getting into worse infrastructure quality or facing difficulties with employment; Reckitt Benckniser has to closely consider the skill level of workforce, especially in business unit operated by BHI in Thailand, which may appear an opportunity for quality improvements. Social and technological factors here don’t represent any significance, as the businesses have been performing for a certain period of time and have both acquired stable position on the market.

Interpersonal attraction Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

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Google Froogle Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Google Froogle - Research Paper Example With increased traffic, they put in a 2 level filtering process for weeding our fake faculty profiles. Once any faculty profile was created, the back program would interact with Google with Google APIs and search for clues regarding authenticities of the profile. For example, if a new profile for Carlos Alva has been created claiming this person to be a faculty with Stanford University, then the program would interact with Google through Google API and search for "Carlos Alva Stanford University". In case there are any results, the profile will be allowed to be rated. If there are no results of the above given search, the profile will be flagger for further human review. This twin filtering of profiles created helped RateMyProfessor.com weed out fake faculty profiles. (Swapceinski J., April 2002) Databases can be categorized under various kinds based on the architecture, and the types of databases include relational databases, flat file databases, hierarchical databases, network databases and hybrid databases. (Peterson, n.d.) While flat file databases mimic the construction of a table where data is contained in cells (rows and columns), a hierarchical database contains multiple levels connected by nodes. ... A network database is a type of database where each data can have multiple owners. This is unlike relational database where there are no owners and a hierarchical database that has only one owner. Relational databases offer a number of advantages over other databases, namely, reduced redundancy, increased scalability and data integrity. Google uses a range of factors, including hyperlinks by other web pages, to determine the relative importance of a web page. (Annam V., n.d.) A relational database offers better results for Google as hyperlinks have been assigned some importance in Google's algorithm. So, the relative importance of a web page depends on on-site data as well as its relationship with other web-pages (data). A relevant result for a key word search will require "assembly" of information from multiple data sources. List of references: Annam V., (No Date), What are Relational Databases, and Why Should I Care retrieved November 14, 2008, from http://mylibrary.library.nd.edu/documentation/ch/ch16.html O'Brien J.M., (March 2004), The Secret R&D Army: How Hackers Give Google Its Wildest Ideas retrieved November 14, 2008, from http://www.wired.com/wired/archive/12.03/google.htmlpg=10 Peterson, (No Date), Database Concepts, retrieved November 14, 2008, from http://maps.unomaha.edu/Peterson/gis/notes/DataBaseConcepts.html Swapceinski J., (April 2002), How The Google Web Api Makes My Life Easier, retrieved November 14, 2008, from

Operation management of McDonalds Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Operation management of McDonalds - Assignment Example This essay discusses that while the meanings of â€Å"operation† and â€Å"management† taken separately are commonly understood, when the two are combined an entirely different idea is formed. This field of business that seeks to define and standardise things could not itself be fully summed up in one comprehensive idea. Lawson perceptively pointed out that operations management is conceived of according to varying levels of scope and significance. Operations management has been variably defined as: (1) â€Å"The design, operation and improvement of the systems that create and deliver the firm’s primary product and service combinations†; (2) â€Å"The design, operation and improvement of the internal and external systems, resources, and technologies that create and deliver the firm’s primary product and service combinations†; and â€Å"The design, operation and improvement of the internal and external systems, resources, and technologies tha t create product and service combinations in any type of organization†. Mosby, Crumbaker & Urban observed that operations management is focused mainly on making sure that the firm’s business operations function efficiently and effectively, towards greater reliability and availability of the firm’s systems and services. Among the many duties and responsibilities which the operations manager is expected to fulfil, which generally fall within a five broad roles and responsibilities. ... These are identified and categorized by Operations Manager.com (2011) as: (1) Logistics management; (2) Budget management; (3) Operational strategizing; (4) Management of support services; and (5) Management of third party relations. According to Pycraft, Singh and Phihlela (2000), the exact responsibilities and role of operations management will depend primarily upon the nature of the organization’s business. In general, the classes of activities that operations managers directly discharge, which apply to all types of operations, include: (1) Understanding the operation’s strategic objectives; (2) Developing an operations strategy for the organization; (3) Designing the operation’s products, services and processes; (4) Planning and controlling the operation; and (5) Improving the performance of the operation (p. 31) In a survey conducted by Professor Arnoud de Meyer and reported in Pycraft, et al (2000, p. 33), a factory manager’s work was analysed and th e following breakdown was arrived at: Table 1: Breakdown of factory manager’s work Activity % of time Degree of change (1 = spending less time 7 = spending more time) Direct supervision and support Consulting with plant staff Consulting with upper management Consulting with sales and marketing Communicating with customers Communicating with suppliers Consulting with Research and Development Dealing with the community Training (as trainer) Training (as trainee) 22 16 12 10 7 7 5 5 4 4 3.5 3.9 4.0 4.8 4.8 4.4 4.7 4.5 4.6 4.6 Source: Pycraft, Singh & Phihlela, 2000, p.33 The foregoing table highlights the many varied concerns of the operations manager today. No longer is the manager confined to the manufacturing shopfloor and limited to ensuring that the right number of units are produced. The

Analyze two poems Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Analyze two poems - Essay Example Poems have particular structures and require the appropriate utilization of language in order to depict the feelings of the poet but still maintain the basic poetic nature. Such features do not change and has not changed through time since the earliest poets such John Donne employed them in their poems and so are the modern day poets as discussed in the essay below. Poems tell stories by addressing specific features of the society. They do these by analyzing the social occurrences in the form of thematic issues, which the poets analyze poetically and represent in their works while maintaining the relativity of thought and feelings enjoyed by artists. John Donne did this in his two works in which he portrays several thematic issues. In The Legacy, the poet discussed the gravity of separation, relationships break, and families separate for different reasons. Such separations are always sad and emotion. The pot discusses this using several social factors which he feels best describe the feelings people have whoever separated by their loved ones (Donne 31). Among the social factors, he sues in discussing the importance and gravity of separation is death. Death is a social phenomenon that has been in the society since time immemorial. Humans feel pain whenever they lose their loved ones to death. John Donne thus compares the pain his separation creates to that of his death (Carey 54). He does the same with The Flea in which he discusses sexual sin. Sex just as death in the Legacy has been a part of humanity since time immemorial. People attach immense importance to sexual relations and so does John Donne in the poem. The persona in the poem tries to convince a woman to sleep with him and in doing so; the persona explains his belief in relation to sexual intercourse. He for example explains that during the intercourse their blood would mingle thus making them one. In composing the poem, the author discusses several social and physical phenomena that help describe the nature of his society. One of such is Christianity, religion. By personifying the flea, the poet represents the trinity a basis of the Christianity. He uses the flea and its blood sucking nature to portray the mingling of human blood during sexual intercourse. Poems have natural features that help them qualify as such. As a renowned poet, John Donne portrays immense understanding of the structure and features of poetry thus employ them effectively. Among the important features of poetry and poems is the need for rhythm. Rhythm refers to the specific sound patterns that poems have thus making their recital easier. The poet employs different poetic elements in establishing rhythm in his poems. Among the most evident elements, he uses are rhymes and the use of chorus among many others. Rhymes are an essential aspect of poems that help develop the rhythm thus making recital of poems easier. The poetic element refers to the use of words with similar sound patterns in the lines of a stan za. The words placed at the end of the lines should have similar sound patterns during pronunciation thus helping recite the poems as they lead the audience from a line to the next. Rhymes thus have patterns and The Flea has one definite rhyme patterns throughout the entire poem. The first two lines end in a similarly sounding word as so are the second two lines as the poem progresses. Such a pattern is known as the aa, bb, cc, dd, ee. The poet creates the

Study case questions Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

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Perfume Fragrances Online. Online Cosmetics Retailer Essay

Perfume Fragrances Online. Online Cosmetics Retailer - Essay Example The company being established is a new player within the online retailing community, and more specifically operating within the cosmetics, perfume and fragrances sector of this retail market. The company is newly established and is focussing on the internet platform for a number of reasons including but not limited to the substantial reduction of overheads, based on the fact that retail venues, shops and locations are not specifically required to generate income for the company. In addition to this the company has identified a number of key issues, specifically within the online marketing, and search engine optimization fields that stand to benefit the company in boosting online sales via strategic brand marketing within the various products that will be sold via the online store. The brand of Perfume Fragrances Online will operate on a skeleton administrative staff, which includes staff for the processing of orders, based upon their wholesale accounts and contracts with established cosmetic companies, which do and will continue to provide drop ship services to Perfume Fragrances Online customers. This concept drastically reduces staff complements, and can realize a more significant contribution towards the marketing and brand strategy budget. This brand management strategy can be seen as focused entirely upon the internet opportunities that currently exist, and to this end the numerous platforms, such as social media marketing, pay per click and search engine optimization techniques and processes will be implemented in establishing the online presence of the company within the defined sectors and targeted segments of online users.